Composting is a great way to utilize things that normally would end up in the trash. You can think of it as food recycling. Making compost is an easy task and the benefits are amazing.
Composting is the natural process of decomposing organic materials, such as food scraps, yard waste, and other biodegradable materials, into a nutrient-rich substance.
It is a biological process that involves the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and other decomposers. It is an environmentally friendly method of recycling organic waste and diverting it from landfills, contributing to sustainable waste management and promoting a more circular economy.
Step 1 Choose a composting method
Compost bin: Select or build a compost bin to contain your composting materials. You can use a purchased bin or create one using wire mesh, wooden pallets, or a plastic container.
Compost pile: If you have a large space, you can create a compost pile directly on the ground. This method requires more space but allows for larger quantities of compost.
Step 2 Collect compostable materials
Greens: Gather nitrogen-rich materials such as fruit and vegetable scraps, grass clippings, coffee grounds, tea leaves, and fresh plant trimmings. These items provide essential nutrients and help speed up the composting process.
Browns: Collect carbon-rich materials like dry leaves, straw, shredded paper or cardboard, wood chips, and small branches. Browns provide structure and aeration to the compost.
Step 3 Prepare the compost pile or bin
If using a compost bin, set it up in a convenient location. Make sure it has good drainage and is easily accessible. For a compost pile, choose a spot that is well-drained and receives partial sunlight. Add a layer of twigs or straw at the bottom to improve airflow.
Step 4 Start layering the compostable items
Other Compostable Items:
- Eggshells (crushed)
- Nutshells (avoid walnuts, which can release substances harmful to plants)
- Fireplace ashes (in moderation)
- Hair and fur clippings
- Cotton and wool fabric scraps (cut into small pieces)
- Natural fiber materials (such as jute twine and burlap)
- Seaweed and kelp (rinsed to remove excess salt)
Greens (Nitrogen-rich materials)
- Fruit and vegetable scraps
- Coffee grounds and filters
- Tea leaves and tea bags (remove staples or synthetic parts)
- Fresh grass clippings
- Plant trimmings and pruning
- Weeds (without seeds)
- Seaweed and algae
- Livestock manure (from herbivores)
Browns (Carbon-rich materials):
- Dry leaves
- Straw
- Shredded paper (newspaper, office paper, cardboard)
- Cardboard egg cartons
- Wood chips and sawdust (untreated wood)
- Twigs and small branches
- Corn cobs and husks
- Dry plant stalks
Items to Avoid:
- Meat, fish, and dairy products (they can attract pests)
- Oily or greasy food scraps (they can disrupt the composting process)
- Diseased or insect-infested plants
- Weed seeds
- Pet waste (unless using specialized composting systems designed for it)
- Synthetic materials (plastics, synthetic fabrics, etc.)
- Coal or charcoal ash (can contain harmful substances)
Begin with a layer of browns, around 4 to 6 inches thick.
Add a layer of greens, about 2 to 3 inches thick. Continue alternating layers of browns and greens. Aim for a ratio of approximately 3 parts browns to 1 part greens.
Step5 Moisten the compost pile
Keep the compost moist, similar to a damp sponge. Water each layer as you add it to ensure proper decomposition.
Avoid over-watering, which can lead to a soggy pile, and slow down the composting process. It may be a good idea to cover the compost during rainy weather to keep things balanced and prevent too much water.
Step6 Turn and aerate the compost
Every few weeks, use a garden fork or shovel to turn the pile. This helps mix the materials, introduces oxygen, and speeds up decomposition.
Turning the pile also prevents it from becoming compacted and promotes even decomposition. You should be able to put your hand above the compost pile and feel the heat coming off it. It should be between 90 degrees and 140 degrees. You do not want it above 140F or it will start to kill off the microorganisms. We use a compost thermometer to check the temperature.
Step7 Maintain the compost
Ensure the compost pile remains moist but not soggy. If it becomes too dry, add water. If it’s too wet, mix in some dry browns to improve drainage. Consider covering the compost pile with a tarp to retain moisture during heavy rain and prevent it from getting waterlogged.
How long does compost take?
Compost will typically take several months to a year to fully decompose, depending on factors such as the materials used, temperature, and level of maintenance. The compost is ready when it has a dark, crumbly texture, and a pleasant earthy smell. Once the compost has fully decomposed, it can be used in your garden to enrich the soil, improve moisture retention, and promote plant growth. Spread the compost around plants, mix it into garden beds, or use it as a top dressing.
Remember, achieving a balance between greens and browns is important for successful composting. Aim for a mixture that includes roughly three parts browns to one part greens by volume.
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